Avian Influenza: Mixed Infections and Missing Viruses
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Avian Influenza: Mixed Infections and Missing Viruses
A high prevalence and diversity of avian influenza (AI) viruses were detected in a population of wild mallards sampled during summer 2011 in California, providing an opportunity to compare results obtained before and after virus culture. We tested cloacal swab samples prior to culture by matrix real-time PCR, and by amplifying and sequencing a 640bp portion of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene. Each ...
متن کاملAvian influenza viruses
Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family, genus Orthomyxovirus, and are divided into three types – A, B, and C – based on the antigenic differences between their nucleoprotein and matrix proteins. Influenza A viruses are further subdivided into several subtypes. A most striking feature of influenza viruses is their ability to continually change their genetic structure – in partic...
متن کاملAvian influenza viruses and influenza in humans
Influenza-A viruses cause natural infections of humans, some other mammals and birds. Few of the 15 haemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase subtype combinations have been isolated from mammals, but all subtypes have been isolated from birds. There are enormous pools of influenza-A viruses in wild birds, especially migratory waterfowl. In the 20th century there were 4 pandemics of influenza due to th...
متن کاملTenacity of avian influenza viruses.
The goal of this review is to provide an overview of existing research on the environmental tenacity of avian influenza (AI) viruses, to identify gaps in our current understanding, and discuss how this information relates to AI control, eradication, and prevention. We are just beginning to understand the environmental factors that affect infectivity and the extent of variation in environmental ...
متن کاملAvian influenza viruses in humans
Past pandemics arose from low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. In more recent times, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1, LPAI H9N2 and both HPAI and LPAI H7 viruses have repeatedly caused zoonotic disease in humans. Such infections did not lead to sustained human-to-human transmission. Experimental infection of human volunteers and seroepidemiological studies suggest that a...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Viruses
سال: 2013
ISSN: 1999-4915
DOI: 10.3390/v5081964